Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced from Aspergillus and Penicillium species. It is commonly found in contaminated food products, water damaged buildings and heating ducts. Currently, it is one of 20 mycotoxins that is monitored in food. Ochratoxin A is known to be nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, and carcinogenic. Therefore, it is a health concern in both humans and animals.
Generally, Ochratoxin A has been found to induce oxidative stress, inflammation and psychiatric conditions. In males, it is especially neurotoxic. Genes that it upregulates have an effect on autism-regulated genes that decrease Nrf2 and cause high levels of reactive species and oxidative damage. Research has shown that males are more commonly effected because the genes are found on the x chromosome.
Mezzelani A. (2017) Ochratoxin A and Epigenetics. In: Patel V., Preedy V. (eds) Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics. Springer, Cham
Nrf2 deficiency exacerbates ochratoxin A-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxicology, Vol. 389 (15 August 2017), pp. 42-52 by Agnieszka Loboda, Anna Stachurska, Mateusz Sobczak, et al. www.citeulike.org/user/kimberlykramer2015/article/14620230
Detection of mycotoxins in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Toxins, Vol. 5, No. 4. (11 April 2013), pp. 605-617 by Joseph H. Brewer, Jack D. Thrasher, David C. Straus, Roberta A. Madison, Dennis Hooper
A review of the diagnosis and treatment of Ochratoxin A inhalational exposure associated with human illness and kidney disease including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Journal of environmental and public health, Vol. 2012 (2012), doi:10.1155/2012/835059 by Janette H. Hope, Bradley E. Hope
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