Electroacupuncture Raises Energy Levels In Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Model!

PGC-1 is a transcription coactivator that is responsible for a number of regulatory functions of cellular metabolism. It stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and promotes muscle fiber type that is metabolically more oxidative than glycolytic which is about 15 times more efficient. It is present in high amounts where mitochondria is present like brown fat, the heart and muscle. Increased transcription of PGC-1 induces Nrf1 and Nrf2 to increase expression of mitochondrial transcription factors and other mitochondria subunits along the transport like ATP-synthase. (1)

While the cause of chronic fatigue is not known, many experts believe that symptoms of fatigue may be due to mitochondrial dysfunction where the muscles produce less energy. One study in Great Britain demonstrated that 70% of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients   have ultra structurally abnormal mitochondria.  (2)In a more recent study published just last month, researchers analyzed the benefits of electroacupuncture (EA) ST-36 on the metabolism of CFS-model in rats. They divided the mice into 4 groups; the control group, the CFS-model mice, an EA-"Zusanli" and a non-""Zusanli group. Measurements for ATP-synthase, PGC-1, AMPK and SIRT1 were taken. After forced exercise, the levels of ATP-synthase and PGC-1 were greatly reduced while levels of SIRT1 were elevated. After an application of  electroacupuncture, "the grabbing force and the expression levels of ATP synthase mRNA, SIRT 1 and PGC-1 α proteins and mRNAs, and p-AMPK/AMPK were significantly up-regulated. The results seem to show that the grabbing force of the rats after EA was due to the increased levels of ATP-synthase,  AMPK, PGC-1 and SIRT1 to reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress and to increase energy ATP. (3)

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1. PGC-1alpha: a key regulator of energy metabolism. Advances in physiology education, Vol. 30, No. 4. (1 December 2006), pp. 145-151, doi:10.1152/advan.00052.2006 by Huiyun Liang, Walter F. Ward

2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Kent Holtorf, M.D. Holtorf Medical Group.  https://www.holtorfmed.com/mitochondrial-dysfunction-and-chronic-fatigue-syndrome/

3. [Electroacupuncture of "Zusanli" (ST 36) Raises Muscular Force by Adjusting AMPK/PGC-1 α Signaling in Rats with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]. Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research, Vol. 43, No. 6. (25 June 2018), pp. 335-340 by Jia-Zi Z. Dong, Yun-Tao T. Wei, Huan-Yu Y. Xu, et al.

Chronic Fatigue: The Nrf2 and Mitochondrial Connection

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a condition where symptoms last more than 6 months. One identifying feature is that the overwhelming fatigue that comes with it is not resolved with rest. CFS is now recognized as a serious health condition that is known to effect the immune and neurological systems and have other physiological impacts. In my posts, I often classify CFS as an environmental illness for the sake of simplicity. I also consider multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) and fibromyalgia (FM) as environmental illnesses. What is common in most patients with these illnesses, is that they have higher than normal levels of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is produced by natural cellular processes or exposure to environmental toxicants. At high levels it leads to tissue damage and disease.  Currently, the true cause of these environmental illnesses are not known. 

While the cause of CFS might not be known, several theories have been proposed. One such theory is that mitochondrial dysfunction leads to the rampant increase of oxidative stress and overall, energy depletion. (1) This in turn leads to other inflammatory processes. Of course, the opposite could be true. In general, I believe that the inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway is at the root of environmental illness. The Nrf2 is a master gene regulater that regulates the natural antioxidant system in cells and neutralizes oxidative stress. It can be inhibited by many factors including TNF-a and abnormal methylation and xenobiotics. It is upregulated by natural phenols like EGCG, sulforaphane in broccoli, resveratrol and quercetin to name a few. Recent discoveries have also lead to a number of pharmaceuticals that increase expression of Nrf2. It is only in the past few years that researchers have identified a number of ways that the Nrf2 pathway promotes cellular respiration, ATP synthesis and provides other functions in the mitochondria. 

So how exactly does Nrf2 function in the mitochondria? It seems it does it in a number of ways including reducing oxidative stress by promoting the action of complex 1, regulating the expression of ATP synthase subunit α, allows for more efficient oxidative phosphorylation, increases the levels of ATP, there is better integration of fatty acid oxidation with the TCA cycle (a process that occurs through the action for example, of glucoraphanin which is the precursor of the classical Nrf2 activator sulforaphane ), it promotes biogenesis, increases PGC-1 and maintains mitochondrial integrity. (2)

While it is not known if mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in all environmental illnesses, it makes sense that it might be a possibility. In any case, there is a reason to believe that energy depletion from oxidative stress may be a factor in causing some symptoms. 

Related:
*Dysfunction of Methylation and Nrf2 in Environmental Illness - Is This A Better Explanation than NO/ONOO- ?

*Sexual Dimorphism in Mitochondrial Biogenesis! 
*Impairments in Muscle Function After Cigarette Exposure and Environmental Illness 
*Green Tea Catechins May Protect Cells From Particulate Matter!

1. Chronic fatigue syndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vol. 2, No. 1. (2009), pp. 1-16 by Norman E. Sarah Myhill

2. The emerging role of Nrf2 in mitochondrial function. Free radical biology & medicine, Vol. 88, No. Pt B. (11 November 2015), pp. 179-188 by Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova, Andrey Y. Abramov.

Tregs and Immunosuppression in Environmental Illness!

 

      In the past several blogs, I have proposed that multiple chemical sensitivity may be due to the loss of Fox3p regulatory T cells  or Tregs which are negative regulators of inflammation. On one hand, several  studies over the past several years have demonstrated that the loss of immunosuppression from Tregs results in diseases like asthma or inflammatory bowel disease (Wang) But what about less common conditions like multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) that seems to result in a "loss of tolerance"? Over the last six years, I have made a case for the aberrant signalling from the Nrf2 or AhR may also contribute to symptoms and Nrf2 activators which many are AhR ligands may be of benefit in relieving symptoms at least temporarily.  On the other hand, one author argued that patients exposed to less air pollution exhibited lower Tregs and that the increase or decrease of them could be useful in monitoring environmental disease. (Micovic)

     I found a few recent studies that are interesting as far as Treg suppression in relation to environmental disease. In one of these studies, Kohli found that a mixture of second hand smoke and ambient air pollution resulted in hypermethylation and decreased transcription of IFN-y and Fox3p Tregs. Passed studies show an association with a decrease of both of these proteins in asthma and allergic disease. Ambient air pollution, according to the author, is generally considered as "compounds that include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), particulate matter that is less than 2.5 um (PM 2.5) , particulate matter less than 10um (PM10), carbon and ozone."

    Vallares has found that growth hormone (GH) stimulates T and B cell proliferation. In his study in autoimmune diabetes, he observed that consistent production of GH prevented the progression of pancreatic symptoms to overt autoimmune diabetes. This involved GH changing the cytokine environment and maintained a suppressor T cell (Treg) population.

    I have written several times about resveratrol, a phytochemical in wine, is an Nrf2 activator and might be a treatment for autoimmune disease like inflammatory bowel disease.  Recently Wang et al reported that resveratrol can inhibit inflammatory cytokines and relieve oxidative stress from a high-fat diet. Interestingly, resveratrol prevented the suppression of Tregs via the the aryl hydrocarbon receptor that is inhibited by high-fat diet. It seems that resveratrol not only stimulates Nrf2 but also acts through the AhR, and both of which I suspect could play a role in MCS. In addition, Busbee and Haniah write how AhR signalling may impact autoimmune disease by activating Fox3p Tregs and inhibiting or downregulating Th17. Haniah makes the comment that further study is needed but the AhR may prove to be a therapeutic strategy against autoimmune diseases.  Busbee notes that the AhR signals impact a number of genes, many of which I have discussed before and is present in a variety of tissue.  

       

For further reading:
Chemical Sensitivity and Th2 Autoimmune Disease: The Loss of Treg Cells As Referee!

T regulatory cells and B cells cooperate to form a regulatory loop that maintains gut homeostasis and suppresses dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Mucosal immunology (25 March 2015) by L. Wang, A. Ray, X. Jiang, et al. http://www.citeulike.org/user/kimberlykramer2015/article/13578157

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) monitoring in environmental diseases. Collegium antropologicum, Vol. 33, No. 3. (September 2009), pp. 743-746 by Vladimir Mićović, Bozo Vojniković, Aleksandar Bulog, et al. http://www.citeulike.org/user/kimberlykramer2015/article/6090770

Secondhand smoke in combination with ambient air pollution exposure is associated with increasedx CpG methylation and decreased expression of IFN-γ in T effector cells and Foxp3 in T regulatory cells in children. Clinical epigenetics, Vol. 4, No. 1. (2012), doi:10.1186/1868-7083-4-17 by Arunima Kohli, Marco A. Garcia, Rachel L. Miller, et al. http://www.citeulike.org/user/kimberlykramer2015/article/13578755

ME/CFS as a Mitochondrial Disease Prohealth (26 April 2006) by David S. Bell, MD. http://www.prohealth.com/library/showarticle.cfm?libid=13611

 Use of natural AhR ligands as potential therapeutic modalities against inflammatory disorders. Nutrition reviews, Vol. 71, No. 6. (June 2013), pp. 353-369, doi:10.1111/nure.12024 by Philip B. Busbee, Michael Rouse, Mitzi Nagarkatti, Prakash S. Nagarkatti. http://www.citeulike.org/user/kimberlykramer2015/article/13407541

Toward understanding the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the immune system: current progress and future trends. BioMed research international, Vol. 2014 (2014) by Hamza Hanieh. http://www.citeulike.org/user/kimberlykramer2015/article/13579639